new york mets :: essays research papers

On July 27 1959, A new York attorney named William shea had an idea of putting a new baseball team in new York since the dodgers and giants had left for california.So on march 1st 1961 His wish was granted.The new York metropolitan baseball club or â€Å"the new York mets† were introduced into the national league.The name of the team was chosen by owner Joan Payson.The other names that were put into thought were the rebels, skyliners, nybs and avengers just to name a few.On April 11,1962 the mets played their first game in franchise history and lost 11-4 to the St Louis cardinals.The first season was a miserable one.Manager Casey Stengel led the mets to a 62-100 record,The worst record in major league history.After a couple of more losing seasons, The mets finally made a move and signed pitcher Tom â€Å"the franchise†Seaver,one of the best pitchers who ever played the game. They also picked up power hitting outfielders Donn Clendenon and Tommie Agee. Finally the mets looked like a baseball team.Entering the 1969 season, my father said the mets wewr 160-1 to win the World Series, but the mets shocked everyone winning the national league championship. Now, this is how the mets won their first world series, The batter was cleon Jones, after striking out manager Gil Hodges notices a black mark on the ball. The black mark was shoe polish. Putting shoe polish on the ball makes it spin more and makes it much easier to strike out a batter. The umpire awards first base to jones, Clendenon follows with a 2-run home run and the mets win the World Series. What a way to win! Moving on to the 70’s. My father says he wishes he could forget what happened in the 70’s to the mets. 8 of the 10 seasons were losing ones. On top of that, the mets traded Tom Seaver to the Cincinnati reds for 4 pieces of garbage named Pat Zachary, Doug Flynn, Steve Henderson and Dan Norman. I’ve never even heard of them! The mets made a turn for the better when they sold the team to 2 men named Nelson Doubleday and Fred Wilpon in January of 1980. They got right to work because they traded for Doc Gooden, One of the best of his time. They also acquired all-star first basemen Keith Hernandez and all-star catcher Gary Carter.

The Human Genome Revolution And Its Implications Essay -- Genetics Bio

The Human Genome Revolution And Its Implications Thanks to today’s technology, we can talk to people thousands of miles Rezadistant, view stars that are worlds away, and delve into our body on an unimaginable scale. This revolution has been peaceful for the most part, but the human genome threatens to be the smallest item to spark controversy in history. Both sides hold powerful cards, and, when the smoke clears, the decisions made in this country and around the world will alter the future for our descendants. On a more regional scale, no matter what happens, the genomes that reside in all of us will be scrutinized as never before, and they will finally be understood. The Rio Grande Valley is considered a rural area, an area where people do not seek treatment for their ailments as they should. Diabetes, obesity, heart problems, etc., run rampant throughout our community and the poverty of the area has only hampered efforts to turn back the tide on the war on such maladies. Personally, I am at risk for leukemia, gallstones, knee problems, and heart defects on both sides of my family. Any advancement in the field of medicine would certainly put a dent in anything that these historically difficult illnesses can throw at us. The Human Genome Project, run by the government of the United States of America, has begun to crack the shells of these human inefficiencies and failures. The DNA of every person has differences that make he or she unique from every other creature on earth. The Human Genome Project aims to take apart the human genome and look at the workings of what makes us tick. Gene by gene they have made progress and, in add ition, have created quite a stir within the international commu... ...God has created all things, and anything that lives is His work. He has given us the power to change the world, but we must strike the balance between advancement and absurdity so that He would know His own work when He saw it. This topic will not just be decided in the Valley or in Washington or The Hague. Instead, the fruition of work on the human genome will help decide the hearts and minds of the people across the globe, and that will determine the future of the human genome revolution. In these next few years, the human genome revolution will be pushed to its limits and the revolution will be tested on a pass/fail basis. Those that go against the decision of the majority will be looked down upon as either superstitious oafs or mad criminals. In the meantime, every voice lifted, regardless of opinion, will let our leaders know our wishes.

Affirmitive Action: Reverse Discrimination

Baker 1 Jennifer Baker Reverse Discrimination Even though slavery has not been a part of America for over a century now, racial discrimination still exists in various parts of our culture. A controversial policy known as affirmative action was introduced in the 1960’s to try and promote racial equality in society. Affirmative action is supposed to give minorities an equal chance in life by requiring minority employment, promotions, college acceptance, etc. At first this sounds like a perfect solution to racial discrimination, but in reality it is discrimination in reverse.The term â€Å"affirmative action† was first used back in 1961 by President John F. Kennedy in an executive order designed to encourage racially mixed work forces. He stated that contractors should â€Å"take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed without regard to race, creed, color, or national origin. † (Affirmative Action) Then in 1964 the Civil Rights Act was passed which prohibited employment discrimination based on race or sex. The Civil Rights activists continued to argue that minorities weren’t going to be able to compete with the more qualified applicants after having suffered discrimination for so long.So in 1969 President Nixon made it a federal policy that a certain percentage of minorities must be hired in the workplace. Quickly affirmative Baker 2 action changed from being a policy that ensured equal opportunity to being one that gave unfair advantages to minorities. Affirmative action has remained controversial throughout the years, finding itself in and out of the courts. One of the most famous cases was Fullilove vs. Klutznick, which took place in 1980. The ruling stated that setting aside 10 percent of the hiring for minorities was constitutional.Fortunately in 1996 proposition 209 was passed in California which ended affirmative action throughout the state. This was definitely a breakthrough, but the effects of affirmative acti on still linger. Many businesses and corporations still give preference to minorities even if they are less qualified. Employers fear that lawsuits will be filed stating that applicants were turned down because of their race. Renowned author and political activist Nathan Glazer, has been against affirmative action since its beginning. Glazer believes that the olicy became controversial when it went beyond the ideas of the Civil Rights Act and started requiring employers to hire or promote a certain number of minority applicants or employees. In order to make sure that affirmative action was taking place, federal courts started enforcing â€Å"quotas† or â€Å"goals† for specific numbers of minority hiring. If these were met, lawsuits based on racial discrimination would be less valid. Says Glazer, â€Å"Affirmative action has become a matter of setting statistical goals or quotas by race for employment†¦ the expectations of color blindness that wasBaker 3 paramou nt in the 1960’s has been replaced by a rigid frame of numerical requirements. †(Glazer, 6) Those who oppose quotas and goals are said to be opposers of the Civil Rights Act, even though the affirmative action of today is not what the Civil Rights Act embodied. Glazer compares the misinterpretation of the Civil Rights Act to the desegregation of schools. In 1954, the Supreme Court ruled that segregated schools were unconstitutional. The idea of racially integrated schools, like racially integrated workplaces, is an excellent one.However, the desegregation of schools has made busing a necessity. Busing, although not in use today, is when students are transferred to another school for purposes of racial integration. It is costly to run all the buses and the commuting is hard on the students. Those opposing busing are said to agree with the segregation of schools. (Glazer, 10) The desegregation of schools was also mentioned in the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Initially this s eemed a fair proposal, but just as affirmative action became detrimental in the workplaces, integrating minorities in schools turned into numerical requirements.Can you imagine busing programs being used across the United States today? The scary truth is that once one of these ideas is adopted in one city, any other city can then follow suit. For example, if Santa Cruz County were granted the right to require a 15 percent Hispanic student enrollment in all high schools within the county lines, any other city could also put this idea into practice based on precedent. The assignment of students Baker 4 based on race would cause an endless stream of angry parents. Fortunately busing is in the past, but affirmative action still has its claws in the school system.A few weeks ago I was watching a 60 Minutes segment about a white girl who had filed a lawsuit against the University of Michigan claiming that they did not accept her because of her race. She had graduated from high school with a high GPA and had done everything in her power to become qualified for acceptance, yet she was denied admission. Further research showed that the University of Michigan does in fact admit students based on race. When reading applications, they award points according to criteria. For example, if one writes a good essay he is awarded 1 point and if he is a minority he is awarded 20 points.Something is askew. Is being a minority is 20 times more important than one’s scholarly achievements? The University’s argument is that students learn better in a racially diverse environment. UC Davis is another example. In 1988 only 40 percent of Davis’ freshman class had been accepted solely on the basis of merit. While whites or Asian-Americans needed at least a 3. 7 GPA in high school to be accepted, most minority applicants were accepted even though they met much lower standards. Sixty-six percent of the whites graduated while only twenty-seven percent of blacks did.Even as recently as 1997 one was more likely to get accepted into UCLA if he were black or Hispanic than if he were white. The minority students had both lower GPA’s and test scores. There were 5000 applicants for 200 seats which meant that some qualified students were rejected to make way for less Baker 5 qualified minorities. (Chances of Admission) This does not sound like an equal society. In 1995 the University of California system voted to end all affirmative action in admissions. When the changes took effect in 1998, minority enrollment went down drastically.This seems prejudicial, but in reality it is fair and allows competition between the best, regardless of race. Everyone has an equal opportunity to receive an education. Public schools are free and it is mandatory that children attend them. Any student can take full advantage of their first 12 years of education and earn the GPA that will gain them admission into a college. If a student is born into a poor family there a re scholarships and student loans available. Malcom X is a perfect example of someone choosing to rise up and get an education.Early in his life he made very unwise choices and ended up a pimp. When he was caught and thrown in jail he decided to begin educating himself. All he had was a dictionary but he used that dictionary and copied down every page. He went from being an illiterate street pimp to a very influential political leader. Affirmative action wasn’t around in Malcom’s time, but today everybody knows about it or has at least heard the term used. The first time I heard about affirmative action was when my brother first started working at Ralph’s supermarket.There was a black woman working there who was very slow and unproductive. One day my brother asked a fellow employee why the lady didn’t lose her job and he said, â€Å"She’s here for affirmative action reasons. † It turned out that whenever the lady was scheduled for a shift, a nother Baker 6 worker was also scheduled just to make up for the inefficiency of the black lady. My brother’s boss feared a lawsuit if he fired her. This is ridiculous! It is a costly arrangement and unfair to the lady hired just to take up slack for someone else’s laziness.The policy of affirmative action basically states that in order to have an integrated society with equal opportunities for all races, minorities must be given an advantage to make up for their disadvantages. This means that less qualified applicants are getting hired and that students who do not meet the requirements for college admission are being accepted while qualified students are being turned away, all based on race. The Constitution bans the exclusion of minorities from anything based on color, therefore it is unconstitutional to exclude whites based on the same principles. The lesson of great decisions of the Supreme Court and the lesson of contemporary history have been the same for at leas t a generation: discrimination on the basis of race is illegal, immoral, unconstitutional, inherently wrong, and destructive of democratic society. †(Gross, 1) Affirmative action is asking us to overlook all that we’ve learned and even fought for. Since affirmative action is such a hot topic and it affects our country as a whole, it’s important to know how the presidential candidates view this subject. Vice President Al Gore tends to favor the policy while Governor George Bush disagrees with it.Gore’s idea is â€Å"mend it, don’t end it. †(Al Gore) He says that affirmative action has done a lot for women and minorities over the years and that to get rid of it would be a waste. He has yet Baker 7 to provide a way to fix it. Bush argues against quotas and goals and proposes an alternative to this policy, one he has used in Texas. He terms his system of ideas and policies â€Å"affirmative access†. (George Bush) His idea leans more toward s the original thinking of the Civil Rights Act and promoting equal opportunity. An example is that the top 10 percent of each high school’s graduates be automatically accepted into the college of their choice.Supposedly the idea has been effective over the past couple of years in Texas. Both candidates have good points. Affirmative action has helped reduce minorities’ and women’s suffering prejudices in the workplace and in school, but on the other hand it has been taken to the extreme and the prejudices have been turned around. We need to get back to the heart of what the original affirmative action intended. Racial prejudices need to be eliminated completely. We are all the same on the inside. There is no reason to consider outward appearances.Employers and colleges only need to look at the applicants’ qualifications when determining who will be hired or accepted. Affirmative action could also use a face-lift, like the name change Bush suggested. When the term â€Å"affirmative action† is used, it is looked upon negatively and is associated with discrimination. A law that requires the acceptance of the most qualified would allow competition of the best and eliminate the issues of minority prejudices. If no regard is given to race, as Kennedy intended, then only the most qualified applicant will be accepted. This is fair. Baker 8Affirmative action has, in a way, become unfair to minorities. What is going to make them strive to be the best by working hard to get that promotion or studying hard to get those grades if they know they have an easy in? It has become an insult to minorities. Affirmative action is basically saying that they are not as smart or as qualified to be in good schools or in good jobs. It is saying that they need special help to get jobs and into colleges. It is a mockery. I know so many smart minority people who will transfer into better colleges than I and I’m as white as they come!I sat next to a girl this semester who was so intelligent and had the most amazing style of writing. She was a mix of Indian and black. We must not insult these people by suggesting that we must compensate for their â€Å"inferiority† to make everyone equal in the eyes of the law. We were all created equal, and anyone, black, white, or any other race, can choose to set higher goals and achieve them just as Malcom X did. The old affirmative action is outdated. The premise that minorities should be given an advantage to make up for their disadvantages is ridiculous and irrelevant.Most of the minorities coming into the work force were born after the Civil Rights Act was passed in 1964 and therefore have not suffered disadvantages in school or the workplace. If anything, they have reaped the benefits of affirmative action. California and Texas, as well as a few other states, have begun to take major steps in eliminating affirmative action. It is a start but it needs to spread. We are all equal and absolutely no regard should be given to Baker 9 race in education or employment. It is time to end the old affirmative action. We need a policy that eliminates the issue of race completely.

Physics Essays

Physics Essays Physics Paper Physics Paper What is science? Science is a body of knowledge that is ever changing. It is made up of not only facts but also theories that are made up of well-tested hypotheses. 2. Dullnesss among the scientific fact, hypothesis, law and theory As stated above, a theory Is made up of well-tested hypotheses, which In themselves are well educated guesses yet to be proven. A fact is something that can change over time even though it was agreed upon by knowledgeable scientists. Scientific laws are not specific, are mostly principles and are the result of repeated observations. Why do some people think they have to choose between science and religion? They are either uninformed or misinformed to believe that must choose. Science and religion are very different as the domain of science Is natures order whereas religions domain is natures intent. 4. Clearly distinguish between Science and Technology. Science is a body of knowledge that not only uses technology as a tool but also is used In the development of technology. As scientists make more and more breakthroughs, they are using the latest and greatest technology to do so and In turn ore technological breakthroughs. . Why is Physics considered to be the basic Science? Physics may be considered one of the physical sciences but it is the foundation that other physical sciences are built upon. It deals with forces, light, atoms and matter to begin with, which are the building blocks of all things, including other sciences. Exercises 1. What is the penalty for scientific fraud in the science community? The punishment for scientific fraud is professional excommunication, or in simpler terms, their work is no longer recognized as that of a scientist. 2. Which of the following are scientific hypotheses? A) Chlorophyll makes grass green. (b) Earth rotates about its axis because living things need an alternation of light and darkness. (c) Tides are caused by the moon. (a) is the only hypothesis because there is a test for falseness. Though the other examples may very well be opinion, like why does the Earth spin about its axis. 4. The great philosopher and mathematician Bertrand Russell wrote about ideas in the early part of his life that he rejected in the latter part of his life. Do you see this as a sign of weakness or a sign of strength? Do you speculate that your present ideas about the world around you will change as you learn and experience more, or do you speculate that further knowledge and experience will solidify your present understanding? ) I see that as a strength, many people Just take for granted what was told to them as an unchanging fact, and it is the people who have questioned these facts that have truly reshaped our world in all aspects, not Just science and mathematics. 6. When you step from shade into the sunlight, the Suns heat is as evident as the coals in a fireplace in an otherwise cold room. You feel the Suns heat, not because of its high temperature, but because the Sun is big. Which do you estimate is larger, the Suns radius or the distance between the moon and the Earth? Do you find your answer surprising? I estimated that the distance to the moon was slightly larger than the Suns radius, but in actuality the Suns radius is larger than the distance to the moon which was very surprising to me from the lower level science classes that I remember. 7. What is probably misunderstood by a person that says, But thats only a scientific theory? The process of formulating a scientific theory is a very tedious process consisting of analyzing many well-tested hypotheses and facts. Chapter 2 1 . What are the three major items of Aristotle that Galileo nullified? The first was his idea of motion, proving that weight doesnt matter on time of falling objects, proving this by dropping different sized items off of the leaning tower of Pisa. 2. Who first introduced the word Inertia? Galileo first stated that everything tends to resist changes in motion and called it inertia. Newtons first law was the law of inertia but it was Just expounding upon Galileo original thought. 3. What is Newtons First law of Motion? As previously stated, Newtons first law was the law of inertia. This law states Every object continues in a state of rest or of uniform speed in a straight line unless acted on by a nonzero net force. 4. What is equilibrium rule? The equilibrium rule is basically describing something that has a net force of zero. Weight, the gravity is pulling the object down but it is not moving due to the strength of the string. 5. What is support Force and why is it important to understand it? Support force is he potential amount of force or strength that an object has while it is stationary. The example that the textbook uses is that a book sitting on a table is stationary and not falling because of the tables support force. It is important to understand because it is the potential of force and isnt always acting upon something. 2. Copernicus postulated that Earth moves around the Sun, but he was troubled about the idea. What concepts of mechanics were he missing (later introduced by Galileo and Newton) that would have eased his doubts? He was missing the concepts f inertia and net force in that Just because something seems to be stationary, it isnt necessarily, it may have a net force of zero or it may not be accelerating or slowing down so that speed is actually acts upon all things equally like throwing a ball in a moving car. 4. What Aristotelian idea did Galileo demolish with his experiments with inclined planes? He demolished the idea that a vacuum would be impossible and all things are acted upon by some sort of medium, whether it be air, water or land to cause friction to an object. 5. Why do you lurch forward in a bus that suddenly slows? Why do you lurch backward when it picks up speed? What law applies here? This is the law of inertia at work, stating that all things tend to stay the same unless acted upon by another force, so the slowing of the bus makes your body want to continue at the same speed it was going, therefore moving forwards, the same with speeding up as you body lurches backwards to compens ate in acceleration. 26. Can you say that no force acts on a body at rest? Or is it correct to say no net force? Defend your answer. A body at rest has a zero net force since gravity is a instant force pushing a body down but it has the supportive force to stay whole. Also two kids pushing a grocery cart at the exact same NON rate, the cart will not move though it has forces being applied to it. 28. Harry the painter swings year after year from his bosons chair. His weight is NON and the rope, unknown to him, has a breaking point of BOON. Why doesnt the rope break when he is supported as shown on the left? One day, Harry is painting near a flagpole, and, for a change, he ties the free end of the rope to the flagpole instead of his chair, as shown on the right. Why did Harry end up taking vacation vacation. On the left picture, he has his rope doubled over onto his chair with a pulley system, effectively only applying NON on each half of his rope but if it is only tied to his chair and another object, his full NON is applied to the rope that has a breaking limit of NON and down he goes. Chapter 3 1. What is the difference between Instantaneous Speed and Average speed? Instantaneous speed is the speed at which something is moving at that exact moment in time whereas the average speed of something is calculated as the total stance covered over the time interval used. So over a 30 minute period a car could average mi/h but at an exact moment be traveling at Mimi/h but it wouldnt be sustained. 2. What is the difference between Velocity and Acceleration. Give example. Velocity is the speed and direction that something is going while acceleration is a change in velocity. If a car is traveling due East at Mimi/h, that is the velocity but if that cars velocity changes to 51 mi/h, Mimi/h or turns 12 degrees to the west, it would be accelerating. 3. How did Galileo explain Acceleration by an inclined plane? Since he did not have accurate timing devices, he used planes at certain inclines to learn that balls rolling on them had unchanging acceleration, both upwards and downwards. He also showed that a vertical plane had the same acceleration as dropping the same object. 4. What is the meaning of Free Fall? What becomes the acceleration in free fall? Free Fall is an object falling with no friction or wind resistance, basically falling under the force of gravity alone. The rate of this is usually rounded to mm/s though a more accurate rate of 9. Mm/s is used when more precise results are required. Exercises 5, 19, 20, 40, 41 5. Light travels in a straight line at a constant speed of 300,000 km/s. What is the acceleration of light? O, if light is always traveling in a straight line at an exact, constant speed, then it is never accelerating, changing direction or speed. 9. On which of these hills does the ball roll down with increasing speed and decreasing acceleration along the same path? The middle hill would have the ball moving downwards to start increasing speed as it goes until the angle begins to change, making the hill at that point much less steep. At that point the ball begins to 20. Suppose that the three balls shown in Exercise 19 start simultaneously from the tops of the hills . Which one reaches the bottom first? Explain. The ball on the second hill would land first because it has such a large acceleration at the top of the hill that the other balls would not be able to catch up despite there being a period of deceleration. 40. Two balls are released simultaneously from rest at the left end of equal-length tracks A and B as shown. Which ball reaches the end of its track first? If both balls are dropped simultaneously, the ball on track B reaches the end first since the speed s increased for such a time before it is decreased again to match the speed on track A. 1. Refer to the pair of tracks in Exercise 40. (A) On which track is the average speed greater? (B) Why is the speed of the ball at the end of the tracks the same? (A) The average speed is greater on track B since it accelerates during the dip and then when it has a deceleration but the speed only drops to that of the other track.

Free Essays on The Correlates Of Public Giving

â€Å"THE CORRELATES OF PUBLIC GIVING† An Analysis of Population Size and Charitable Giving Through The Lens of 33 Vermont Towns CONTEXT & THEORY: A study performed by the Canadian Centre for Philanthropy in 2001 clearly found a relationship between the size of a municipality and the amount of charitable donations made by that municipality. The relationship found illustrates smaller towns as partaking in giving behavior more, but ultimately donating less. However, this particular study defined â€Å"small towns† as towns with 15,000 people or less. Clearly, there is gap that needs to be filled. What about towns of 5,000 people or less? The examination of â€Å"democratic possibility† begs the question of whether the data from the Canadian study really says anything about the altruistic behaviors of smaller communities. Do citizens who have the opportunity to participate in direct democracy on a small scale act in a more philanthropic manner than citizens in larger, representative municipalities? Vermont towns immediately come to mind for observing the behavior of giving in smaller communities. More importantly, the real question becomes can ordinary people govern themselves and do they have the ability to better their community through direct democracy. The starting point of this analysis is the report published by the Canadian Centre for Philanthropy. Starting with their study, it becomes important to define how to measure actual giving and, from there, do small localities really donate less? However, the ultimate goal of this study is to further investigate the relationship between community size and public giving while controlling for possible confounding variables such as median family income and municipal tax rate. Essentially this will be a more concrete, empirical examination of altruistic behavior on a smaller, citizen-driven scale. The ultimate result will hopefully be an insight into what major variab... Free Essays on The Correlates Of Public Giving Free Essays on The Correlates Of Public Giving â€Å"THE CORRELATES OF PUBLIC GIVING† An Analysis of Population Size and Charitable Giving Through The Lens of 33 Vermont Towns CONTEXT & THEORY: A study performed by the Canadian Centre for Philanthropy in 2001 clearly found a relationship between the size of a municipality and the amount of charitable donations made by that municipality. The relationship found illustrates smaller towns as partaking in giving behavior more, but ultimately donating less. However, this particular study defined â€Å"small towns† as towns with 15,000 people or less. Clearly, there is gap that needs to be filled. What about towns of 5,000 people or less? The examination of â€Å"democratic possibility† begs the question of whether the data from the Canadian study really says anything about the altruistic behaviors of smaller communities. Do citizens who have the opportunity to participate in direct democracy on a small scale act in a more philanthropic manner than citizens in larger, representative municipalities? Vermont towns immediately come to mind for observing the behavior of giving in smaller communities. More importantly, the real question becomes can ordinary people govern themselves and do they have the ability to better their community through direct democracy. The starting point of this analysis is the report published by the Canadian Centre for Philanthropy. Starting with their study, it becomes important to define how to measure actual giving and, from there, do small localities really donate less? However, the ultimate goal of this study is to further investigate the relationship between community size and public giving while controlling for possible confounding variables such as median family income and municipal tax rate. Essentially this will be a more concrete, empirical examination of altruistic behavior on a smaller, citizen-driven scale. The ultimate result will hopefully be an insight into what major variab...

Biography of Matthew Ridgway, Korean War General

Biography of Matthew Ridgway, Korean War General Matthew Ridgway (March 3, 1895–July 26, 1993) was a U.S. Army commander who led the United Nations troops in Korea in 1951. He later served as Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army, where he advised against American intervention in Vietnam. Ridgway retired in 1955 and was later awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Ronald Reagan. Fast Facts: Matthew Ridgway Known For: Ridgway was a U.S. military officer who commanded United Nations troops during the Korean War.Born: March 3, 1895 in Fort Monroe, VirginiaParents: Thomas and Ruth RidgwayDied: July 26, 1993 in Fox Chapel, PennsylvaniaEducation: United States Military AcademySpouse(s): Julia Caroline  (m. 1917–1930), Margaret Wilson Dabney (m. 1930–1947), Mary Princess Anthony Long (m. 1947-1993)Children: Matthew Jr. Early Life Matthew Bunker Ridgway was born on March 3, 1895, at Fort Monroe, Virginia. The son of Colonel Thomas Ridgway and Ruth Bunker Ridgway, he was reared on Army posts across the United States and took pride in being an army brat. Graduating from English High School in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1912, he decided to follow in his fathers footsteps and applied for acceptance to West Point. Deficient in mathematics, he failed in his first attempt, but after extensive study of the subject he gained entry the following year. Ridgway was classmates with Mark Clark and two years behind Dwight D. Eisenhower and Omar Bradley.  Their class graduated early due to the U.S. entry into World War I. Later that year, Ridgway married Julia Caroline Blount, with whom he would have two daughters, Constance and Shirley. The couple would divorce in 1930. Early Career Commissioned a second lieutenant, Ridgway was quickly advanced to first lieutenant and then given the temporary rank of captain as the U.S. Army expanded due to the war. Sent to Eagle Pass, Texas, he briefly commanded an infantry company in the 3rd Infantry Regiment before being sent back to West Point in 1918 to teach Spanish and manage the athletic program. At the time, Ridgway was upset with the assignment as he believed combat service during the war would be critical to future advancement and that the soldier who had had no share in this last great victory of good over evil would be ruined. In the years after the war, Ridgway moved through routine peacetime assignments and was selected for the Infantry School in 1924. Rising Through the Ranks Completing the course of instruction, Ridgway was dispatched to Tientsin, China, to command a company of the 15th Infantry Regiment. In 1927, he was asked by Major General Frank Ross McCoy to take part in a mission to Nicaragua due to his skills in Spanish. Though Ridgway had hoped to qualify for the 1928 U.S. Olympic pentathlon team, he recognized that the assignment could greatly advance his career. Ridgway traveled south, where he aided in supervising free elections. Three years later, he was assigned as the military advisor to the Governor-General of the Philippines, Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. His success in this post led to his appointment to the Command and General Staff School at Fort Leavenworth. This was followed by two years at the Army War College. World War II After graduating in 1937, Ridgway saw service as the deputy chief of staff for the Second Army and later the assistant chief of staff of the Fourth Army. His performance in these roles caught the eye of General George Marshall, who had him transferred to the War Plans Division in September 1939. The following year, Ridgway received a promotion to lieutenant colonel. With the U.S. entry into World War II in December 1941, Ridgway was fast-tracked to higher command. Promoted to brigadier general in January 1942, he was made assistant division commander of the 82nd Infantry Division. Ridgway was later promoted and given command of the division after Bradley, now a major general, was sent to the 28th Infantry Division. Airborne Now a major general, Ridgway oversaw the 82nds transition into the U.S. Armys first airborne division and on August 15 was officially re-designated the 82nd Airborne Division. Ridgway pioneered airborne training techniques and was credited with turning the unit into a highly effective combat division. Though initially resented by his men for being a leg (non-airborne qualified), he ultimately gained his paratrooper wings. Ordered to North Africa, the 82nd Airborne began training for the invasion of Sicily. Ridgway led the division into battle in July 1943. Spearheaded by Colonel James M. Gavins 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment, the 82nd sustained heavy losses largely due to problems outside of Ridgways control such as widespread issues with friendly fire. Major General Matthew B. Ridgway (center), Commanding General, 82nd Airborne Division, and staff, overlooking the battlefield near Ribera, Sicily, 25 July 1943. USMHI Italy In the wake of the Sicily operation, plans were made to have the 82nd Airborne play a role in the invasion of Italy. Subsequent operations led to the cancellation of two airborne assaults and instead Ridgways troops dropped into the Salerno beachhead as reinforcements. They helped hold the beachhead and then participated in offensive operations, including breaking through the Volturno Line. D-Day In November 1943, Ridgway and the 82nd departed the Mediterranean and were sent to Britain to prepare for D-Day. After several months of training, the 82nd was one of three Allied airborne divisions- along with the U.S. 101st Airborne and the British 6th Airborne- to land in Normandy on the night of June 6, 1944. Jumping with the division, Ridgway exerted direct control over his men and led the division as it attacked objectives to the west of Utah Beach. The division advanced toward Cherbourg in the weeks after landing. Market-Garden Following the campaign in Normandy, Ridgway was appointed to lead the new XVIII Airborne Corps which consisted of the 17th, 82nd, and 101st Airborne Divisions. He supervised the actions of the 82nd and 101st during their participation in Operation Market-Garden in September 1944. This saw American airborne forces capture key bridges in the Netherlands. Troops from XVIII Corps later played a key role in turning back the Germans during the Battle of the Bulge that December. In June 1945, he was promoted to lieutenant general and dispatched to the Pacific to serve under General Douglas MacArthur. Arriving as the war with Japan was ending, he briefly oversaw Allied forces on Luzon before returning west to command U.S. forces in the Mediterranean. In the years after World War II, Ridgway moved through several senior peacetime commands. Korean War Appointed Deputy Chief of Staff in 1949, Ridgway was in this position when the Korean War began in June 1950. Knowledgeable about operations in Korea, he was ordered there in December 1950 to replace the recently killed General Walton Walker as commander of the battered Eighth Army. After meeting with MacArthur, who was the supreme United Nations commander, Ridgway was given latitude to operate the Eighth Army as he saw fit. In Korea, Ridgway found the Eighth Army in full retreat in the face of a massive Chinese offensive. Lieutenant General Matthew B. Ridgway, circa. 1951. Public Domain An aggressive leader, Ridgway immediately began working to restore his mens fighting spirit. He rewarded officers who were aggressive and conducted offensive operations when able. In April 1951, after several major disagreements, President Harry S. Truman relieved MacArthur and replaced him with Ridgway, who oversaw U.N. forces and served as military governor of Japan. Over the next year, Ridgway slowly pushed back the North Koreans and Chinese with the goal of re-taking all of the Republic of Koreas territory. He also oversaw the restoration of Japans sovereignty and independence on April 28, 1952. Chief of Staff In May 1952, Ridgway left Korea to succeed Eisenhower as Supreme Allied Commander, Europe, for the newly formed North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). During his tenure, he made significant progress in improving the organizations military structure, though his frank manner sometimes led to political difficulties. For his success in Korea and Europe, Ridgway was appointed U.S. Army Chief of Staff on August 17, 1953. That year, Eisenhower, now president, asked Ridgway for an assessment of possible U.S. intervention in Vietnam. Strongly opposed to such an action, Ridgway prepared a report that showed that massive numbers of American troops would be needed to achieve victory. This clashed with Eisenhower, who wished to expand American involvement. The two men also fought over Eisenhowers plan to dramatically reduce the size of the U.S. Army, with Ridgway arguing that it was necessary to retain enough strength to counter the growing threat from the Soviet Union. Death After numerous battles with Eisenhower, Ridgway retired on June 30, 1955. He went on to serve on numerous private and corporate boards while continuing to advocate for a strong military and minimal involvement in Vietnam. Ridgway died on July 26, 1993, and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery. A dynamic leader, his former comrade Omar Bradley once remarked that Ridgways performance with the Eighth Army in Korea was the greatest feat of personal leadership in the history of the Army. Legacy Ridgway was highly decorated for his military achievements. In addition to the Congressional Gold Medal, he received a Purple Heart, the Presidential Medal of Freedom, and the Army Distinguished Service Medal. Ridgway remains a U.S. military icon and is widely admired by servicemembers. Sources Bachrach, Deborah. The Korean War. Lucent Books, 1991.ï » ¿Ridgway, Matthew. Soldier: The Memoirs of Matthew B. Ridgway. Harper Brothers, 1956.

Forms of Business Organisations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Forms of Business Organisations - Essay Example This means that the business owner will be personally liable for all the business debs and risks and as their personal belongings will be confiscated to settle the claims of the creditors. Operating sole proprietorship form of business puts both the business as well as personal assets at risk owing to the fact that this form of business have unlimited liability(Cody, Hopkins & Perlman 202). Control: the business is owned and controlled by the owner. This means that the owner without consultation handles all the critical decisions of the business single handedly and as such, he/she has full authority to delegate tasks at will. Income taxes: Sole proprietorship income is taxed on the owner’s personal income. The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) treats income from sole proprietorship as personal income and thus taxes are charged on the owner’s income (Cody, Hopkins & Perlman 202). Continuity of the business: Sole proprietorship business is not a separate legal entity from it s owners and as such, it does not enjoy perpetual existence as the death, or bankruptcy of the owner will lead to the end of business. Profit retention: The sole proprietor enjoys all the profits by himself and therefore he is the one to decide the amount to give up for plough back into the business. Location: Sole proprietorship is one of the easiest businesses to operate taking into consideration that it is not affected by change of location as most states operate similar laws and regulations relating to sole proprietorship. Advantages It is easily and less expensive to form compared to other forms of business organizations such as C-corporations and LLC. This form of business organization requires less capital to start as well as few legal formalities. Avoids double taxation as in the case of C corporations The sole proprietor enjoys all the profits alone taking into consideration that this form of a business is one-man show. Quick decision making as no one is consulted in case a decision has to be made like in the case of general partnership (Cody, Hopkins & Perlman 9). Disadvantages Sole proprietorship has unlimited liability and as poses a risk of loss to personal as well as business assets in case of credit default. Sole proprietors have limited capital owing to lack of a wide range of avenues of raising capital as in the case of C corporations. Lack of perpetual existence owing to the fact that illness, bankruptcy or death of the owner lead to termination of the business. General Partnership General partnership is an unincorporated for of business which involves two or more individuals (maximum of 20) coming together to form a business in order to make profits. Unlike in the case of sole proprietorship, partners in the partnership business share into the ownership, management, profits, loses and critical decisions affecting day-to-day operations of the business. Characteristics Liability: The General partnership does not enjoy limited liability as in t he case LLC, C corp., or S corp. This means that all the partners are personally liable for all the debts and liabilities of the business. In fact, the partners risk losing, not only their investments in the business but also their personal property in case the business fails to honor its credit obligations (Cody, Hopkins & Perlman 9). Income tax: Income of the general partnership business does not attract taxes considering that partners will be taxed on the income